Types of tumours
Tumours are groups of abnormal cells that form lumps or growths. Different types of tumours grow and behave differently, depending on whether they are non-cancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant). Precancerous conditions have the potential to develop into cancer.
Benign tumours
Benign tumours are non-cancerous. They rarely cause serious problems or threaten life unless they occur in a vital organ or grow very large and press on nearby tissues.
Benign tumours tend to grow slowly and stay in one place, not spreading into other parts of the body.
Once removed by surgery, benign tumours don’t usually come back (recur). Benign tumours usually stay non-cancerous, except in very rare cases.
Precancerous conditions
Precancerous (premalignant) cells are abnormal cells that may develop into cancer if they aren’t treated. Some cells develop mild changes that may disappear without any treatment. Other cells pass on genetic changes and new cells gradually become more and more abnormal until they turn into cancer. It can take a long time for this to happen.
Precancerous (or premalignant) changes can vary in their degree of abnormality.
- hyperplasia – an abnormal increase in the number of cells
- Some hyperplasias are precancerous, but most are not.
- atypia (atypical) – cells look slightly abnormal under a microscope
- Sometimes atypia refers to changes caused by healing and inflammation, rather than a precancerous change, and the cells go back to normal once inflammation goes away or the body heals.
- metaplasia – cells look normal under a microscope, but are not the type normally found in the that tissue or area
- Metaplasias are usually not precancerous.
- dysplasia – cells develop abnormally, have an abnormal appearance and are not organized like normal cells
- Dysplasia almost always refers to a precancerous condition.
People with precancerous conditions are usually checked regularly, so they can be treated quickly if cell changes become more severe.
Malignant tumours
Malignant tumours are cancerous. Cancer can start in any one of the millions of cells in our bodies. Cancer cells have a larger nucleusnucleusThe part of the cell that holds the chromosomes, which contain DNA (genetic information). that looks different from a normal cell’s nucleus, and cancer cells behave, grow and function quite differently from normal cells.
Malignant tumours vary in size and shape. They grow in an uncontrolled, abnormal way and can grow into (invade) nearby tissues, blood vessels or lymphatic vessels. They can interfere with body functions and become life-threatening.
Cancer cells can break off and spread to distant locations in the body (metastasize). Cancer that spreads from its original location (the primary tumour) to a new part of the body is called metastatic cancer. Malignant tumours can also come back (recur) after they are removed.
What are the symptoms of a brain tumor?
The symptoms of a brain tumor depend on tumor size, type, and location. Symptoms may be caused when a tumor presses on a nerve or harms a part of the brain. Also, they may be caused when a tumor blocks the fluid that flows through and around the brain, or when the brain swells because of the buildup of fluid.
These are the most common symptoms of brain tumors:
- Headaches (usually worse in the morning)
- Nausea and vomiting
- Changes in speech, vision, or hearing
- Problems balancing or walking
- Changes in mood, personality, or ability to concentrate
- Problems with memory
- Muscle jerking or twitching (seizures or convulsions)
- Numbness or tingling in the arms or legs
Most often, these symptoms are not due to a brain tumor. Another health problem could cause them. If you have any of these symptoms, you should tell your doctor so that problems can be diagnosed and treated.
What is the treatment for a brain tumor?
People with brain tumors have several treatment options. The options are surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Many people get a combination of treatments.
The choice of treatment depends mainly on the following:
- The type and grade of brain tumor
- Its location in the brain
- Its size
- Your age and general health
For some types of brain cancer, the doctor also needs to know whether cancer cells were found in the cerebrospinal fluid.
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